CEST2025

Climate change is significantly altering hydrological processes, with surface runoff being particularly impacted. This study examines the effects of climate change on surface runoff in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, using the Gridded Surface Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA), a state of the art hydrological model. By simulating various climate scenarios with different precipitation patterns, we assess the potential changes in surface runoff in this region. The findings highlight regional variations in runoff patterns, indicating that some areas may experience increased runoff and flood risks, while others may face reduced runoff. This research underscores the importance of incorporating climate change projections into water resource management and policy planning in Makkah. The results contribute valuable insights into adapting water management strategies to address the challenges posed by changing climatic conditions in the region.